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It contains satirical scenes and folk material such as faeries and other supernatural occurrences. There were several secular plays staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is The Play of the Greenwood by Adam de la Halle in 1276. Amateur performers in England were exclusively male, but other countries had female performers. The majority of actors in these plays were drawn from the local population. These vernacular Mystery plays often contained comedy, with actors playing devils, villains, and clowns. In the Late Middle Ages, plays were produced in 127 towns. The Feast of Fools encouraged the development of comedy. By the middle of the 11th century, liturgical drama had spread from Russia to Scandinavia to Italy. In the Early Middle Ages, churches in Europe began staging dramatized versions of biblical events. In many parts of Europe, traditional beliefs of the region and time meant actors could not receive a Christian burial. Early Middle Ages actors were denounced by the Church during the Dark Ages, as they were viewed as dangerous, immoral, and pagan. Traditionally, actors were not of high status therefore, in the Early Middle Ages, traveling acting troupes were often viewed with distrust. Small nomadic bands of actors traveled around Europe throughout the period, performing wherever they could find an audience there is no evidence that they produced anything but crude scenes. From the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, and other entertainments were very popular. The theatre of ancient Rome was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from festival performances of street theatre, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of situation comedies, to high-style, verbally elaborate tragedies.Īs the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power was moved eastward to Constantinople. This developed and expanded considerably under the Romans. The exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama: tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians. Before Thespis' act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. The first recorded case of a performing actor occurred in 534 BC (though the changes in calendar over the years make it hard to determine exactly) when the Greek performer Thespis stepped onto the stage at the Theatre Dionysus to become the first known person to speak words as a character in a play or story. In modern times, particularly in pantomime and some operas, women occasionally play the roles of boys or young men. After the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear onstage in England.

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The commedia dell’arte of Italy, however, allowed professional women to perform early on Lucrezia Di Siena, whose name is on a contract of actors from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with Vincenza Armani and Barbara Flaminia as the first primadonnas and the first well-documented actresses in Italy (and in Europe). While Ancient Rome did allow female stage performers, only a small minority of them were given speaking parts. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is 'playing themselves', as in some forms of experimental performance art.įormerly, in ancient Greece and the medieval world, and in England at the time of William Shakespeare, only men could become actors, and women's roles were generally played by men or boys. This can also be considered an 'actor's role,' which was called this due to scrolls being used in the theaters. The actor's interpretation of a role-the art of acting-pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character.

The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής ( hupokritḗs), literally 'one who answers'.

The actor performs 'in the flesh' in the traditional medium of the theatre or in modern media such as film, radio, and television. An actor or actress is a person who portrays a character in a performance.

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